19.9.26

Consumption – వినియోగం. Aso economics

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National Incomeలో ఒక ముఖ్యమైన భాగం Consumption – వినియోగం. వ్యక్తులు తమ incomeలో కొంత భాగాన్ని goods and services కొనుగోలుకు ఖర్చు చేస్తారు; మిగిలిన భాగాన్ని save చేస్తారు.

Basic Relationship

Income = Consumption + Saving

Y = C + S
Consumption – వినియోగం అంటే ఏమిటి?

Households తమ wantsను satisfy చేసుకోవడానికి final goods and servicesపై చేసే expenditureను సాధారణంగా Consumption Expenditure అంటారు.

Examples:

✓ Food expenditure
✓ Clothing
✓ Housing-related consumption services
✓ Transport services
✓ Education services
✓ Health services
✓ Recreation and other consumer services
Consumption Function

Consumption expenditure మరియు income మధ్య functional relationshipను Consumption Function అంటారు.

C = f(Y)

Simple Keynesian modelలో consumption functionను సాధారణంగా:

C = a + bY

ఇక్కడ:

C = Consumption

a = Autonomous Consumption

b = Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)

Y = Income
Autonomous Consumption

Income zero అయినప్పటికీ basic necessities కోసం జరిగే consumptionను simple consumption-function modelలో Autonomous Consumption అంటారు.

When Y = 0,

C = a
Autonomous Consumption incomeపై ఆధారపడదు.

Consumption curve vertical axisను intercept చేసే value = a
Induced Consumption

Income మార్పుతో మారే consumption భాగాన్ని Induced Consumption అంటారు.

Induced Consumption = bY

అందువల్ల:

Total Consumption = Autonomous Consumption + Induced Consumption
C = a + bY
Example of Consumption Function

Suppose:

C = 100 + 0.8Y

Y = ₹1,000 అయితే:

C = 100 + 0.8(1000)

C = 100 + 800

C = ₹900

Saving:

S = Y − C

= 1000 − 900

S = ₹100
Keynes' Psychological Law of Consumption

John Maynard Keynes consumption behaviourను వివరిస్తూ Psychological Law of Consumptionను ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

Income పెరిగినప్పుడు Consumption కూడా పెరుగుతుంది, కానీ సాధారణంగా Income పెరిగినంత proportionలో Consumption పెరగదు.
ΔY > ΔC > 0

అంటే additional incomeలో కొంత భాగం consumptionకు, మిగిలిన భాగం savingకు వెళుతుంది.

Keynesian Consumption Law – Main Propositions
1. Income పెరిగితే Consumption పెరుగుతుంది.

2. Consumption increase, Income increase కంటే తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది.

3. Income పెరిగే కొద్దీ additional incomeలో కొంత భాగం Saving అవుతుంది.
Marginal Propensity to Consume – MPC

Incomeలో వచ్చిన మార్పులో ఎంత భాగం additional consumptionకు వెళుతుందో Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) తెలియజేస్తుంది.

MPC = ΔC ÷ ΔY
Example

Income ₹1,000 నుంచి ₹1,500కు పెరిగింది.
Consumption ₹900 నుంచి ₹1,300కు పెరిగింది.

ΔY = 500

ΔC = 400

MPC = 400 / 500

MPC = 0.8
MPC Range

Simple Keynesian consumption theoryలో:

0 < MPC < 1
MPC = 0.8 అంటే additional ₹1 incomeలో ₹0.80 consumptionకు వెళుతుంది.
Average Propensity to Consume – APC

Total Incomeలో Consumption shareను Average Propensity to Consume (APC) అంటారు.

APC = C ÷ Y
Example

Income = ₹1,000
Consumption = ₹900

APC = 900 / 1000

APC = 0.9
APC vs MPC
APC MPC
Average Propensity to Consume Marginal Propensity to Consume
C / Y ΔC / ΔY
Total consumption-income relationship Change in consumption due to change in income
Exam Trap

APC = C/Y

MPC = ΔC/ΔY

Averageలో total values.
Marginalలో changes.
Saving Function

Incomeలో consumption చేయని భాగం Saving.

S = Y − C

Consumption function:

C = a + bY

అయితే:

S = Y − (a + bY)

S = Y − a − bY

S = −a + (1 − b)Y
Saving Function:

S = −a + (1 − b)Y
Average Propensity to Save – APS
APS = S ÷ Y

Incomeలో saving shareను APS సూచిస్తుంది.

Marginal Propensity to Save – MPS
MPS = ΔS ÷ ΔY

Additional incomeలో ఎంత భాగం savingకు వెళుతుందో MPS సూచిస్తుంది.

MPC and MPS Relationship

Income increase consumption లేదా savingలోకి వెళుతుంది.

ΔY = ΔC + ΔS

ΔYతో divide చేస్తే:

MPC + MPS = 1
MPS = 1 − MPC

MPC = 1 − MPS
APC and APS Relationship

Y = C + S కాబట్టి:

APC + APS = 1
APS = 1 − APC

APC = 1 − APS
Most Important Memory Trick

A + A = 1
APC + APS = 1

M + M = 1
MPC + MPS = 1
APC, APS, MPC and MPS – Master Table
Concept Formula Meaning
APC C / Y Average consumption share
APS S / Y Average saving share
MPC ΔC / ΔY Additional income consumed
MPS ΔS / ΔY Additional income saved
Numerical Example – APC, APS, MPC, MPS

Suppose:

Income Consumption Saving
₹1,000 ₹900 ₹100
₹1,500 ₹1,300 ₹200
At Y = ₹1,000:

APC = 900 / 1000 = 0.9

APS = 100 / 1000 = 0.1

APC + APS = 1
Between the two income levels:

ΔY = 500
ΔC = 400
ΔS = 100

MPC = 400 / 500 = 0.8

MPS = 100 / 500 = 0.2

MPC + MPS = 1
Consumption Schedule

Suppose consumption function:

C = 100 + 0.8Y
Income (Y) Consumption (C) Saving (S)
0 100 -100
100 180 -80
200 260 -60
300 340 -40
400 420 -20
500 500 0
600 580 20
1000 900 100
Consumption Curve – Graph

Consumption curve income పెరిగే కొద్దీ consumption కూడా పెరుగుతుందని చూపిస్తుంది. Autonomous consumption positiveగా ఉంటే curve origin నుంచి ప్రారంభం కాకుండా vertical axisపై positive interceptతో ప్రారంభమవుతుంది.

C
Income (Y)
45° Line
C = a + bY
a
Graph Interpretation:

Consumption curve intercept = Autonomous Consumption (a)

Consumption curve slope = MPC
45-Degree Line

45-degree lineపై ప్రతి point వద్ద:

Consumption = Income

అంటే:

C = Y

ఈ lineను consumption curve intersect చేసే pointను Break-Even Point అంటారు.

Break-Even Point

Break-even point వద్ద entire income consumptionకు వెళుతుంది. Saving zero.

C = Y
S = 0
APC = 1
APS = 0
Break-Even Income – Numerical

Suppose:

C = 100 + 0.8Y

Break-even వద్ద C = Y.

Y = 100 + 0.8Y

Y − 0.8Y = 100

0.2Y = 100

Y = ₹500
Break-Even Income = ₹500
Dissaving

Income కంటే consumption ఎక్కువగా ఉన్నప్పుడు saving negative అవుతుంది. దీనిని Dissaving అంటారు.

C > Y → S < 0
Example:

Income = ₹400
Consumption = ₹420

S = 400 − 420

S = −₹20
Three Consumption Zones
Situation Consumption Saving
Below Break-Even C > Y Negative Saving / Dissaving
Break-Even C = Y S = 0
Above Break-Even C < Y Positive Saving
High-Probability Exam Point

At Break-Even Point:

C = Y
S = 0
APC = 1
APS = 0
Consumption Function – Slope

Linear consumption function:

C = a + bY

ఇక్కడ b consumption curve slope.

b = MPC
Slope of Consumption Function = MPC
Saving Function – Slope

Saving function:

S = −a + (1 − b)Y

Saving curve slope:

1 − b = MPS
Slope of Saving Function = MPS
Determinants of Consumption

Income consumptionకు ప్రధాన determinant అయినప్పటికీ, consumption expenditureపై ఇతర factors కూడా ప్రభావం చూపుతాయి.

1. Disposable Income

Disposable income పెరిగితే సాధారణంగా household consumption పెరుగుతుంది.

2. Wealth

Household wealth ఎక్కువగా ఉంటే consumption expenditureపై positive effect ఉండవచ్చు.

3. Interest Rates

Interest rates borrowing cost మరియు saving incentivesను ప్రభావితం చేయడం ద్వారా consumption decisionsపై ప్రభావం చూపవచ్చు.

4. Expectations

Future income, employment మరియు prices గురించి expectations present consumptionను ప్రభావితం చేస్తాయి.

5. Availability of Credit

Consumer credit సులభంగా లభిస్తే households current incomeకు మించి కొన్ని durable goodsపై expenditure చేయగలవు.

6. Price Level

Price changes real purchasing powerను ప్రభావితం చేయడం ద్వారా consumption patternపై ప్రభావం చూపవచ్చు.

7. Distribution of Income

Different income groupsకు consumption propensities వేరుగా ఉండవచ్చు. అందువల్ల income distribution aggregate consumptionను ప్రభావితం చేయగలదు.

8. Taxes

Personal taxes disposable incomeను ప్రభావితం చేయడం ద్వారా consumptionపై ప్రభావం చూపుతాయి.

9. Demographic Factors

Population size, age structure, family size వంటి demographic factors aggregate consumption patternను ప్రభావితం చేస్తాయి.

Objective and Subjective Factors – Keynes

Keynes consumptionను ప్రభావితం చేసే factorsను broadగా objective మరియు subjective factorsగా చర్చించాడు.

Objective Factors Subjective Factors
Income changes Precaution
Fiscal policy / taxation Foresight
Interest-related conditions Calculation
Capital-value / wealth changes Improvement
Expectations Independence
Income distribution Enterprise / pride / avarice-type motives in Keynesian classification
Short Run Consumption Function

Simple Keynesian short-run analysisలో consumption incomeతో positive relationship కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

C = a + bY

Positive autonomous consumption ఉన్నప్పుడు income పెరిగే కొద్దీ APC సాధారణంగా decline అవుతుంది, while MPC constantగా ఉండవచ్చు in a simple linear consumption function.

Why Does APC Fall in a Linear Keynesian Function?

C = a + bY అయితే:

APC = C/Y
APC = a/Y + b

Income Y పెరిగే కొద్దీ a/Y తగ్గుతుంది. కాబట్టి APC, b వైపు decline అవుతుంది.

Linear functionలో:

MPC = b = constant

APC = a/Y + b

Income ↑ → APC ↓
APC and MPC – Important Relationship

Positive autonomous consumptionతో simple linear Keynesian consumption functionలో:

APC > MPC

ఎందుకంటే:

APC = a/Y + MPC
Consumption Function and Multiplier

MPC తరువాతి topic అయిన Investment మరియు Income Multiplierలో చాలా ముఖ్యమైన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది.

Multiplier (k) = 1 / (1 − MPC)

MPC + MPS = 1 కాబట్టి:

k = 1 / MPS
Example

MPC = 0.8 అయితే:

k = 1 / (1 − 0.8)

= 1 / 0.2

k = 5
Remember:

MPC ఎక్కువగా ఉంటే simple multiplier కూడా ఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది, other assumptions unchanged.
Important Formula Sheet
Concept Formula
Income Y = C + S
Consumption Function C = a + bY
Saving S = Y − C
Saving Function S = −a + (1−b)Y
APC C / Y
APS S / Y
MPC ΔC / ΔY
MPS ΔS / ΔY
Average Relationship APC + APS = 1
Marginal Relationship MPC + MPS = 1
Multiplier 1 / (1−MPC) = 1/MPS
Exam-Oriented MCQs
1. Consumption function shows relationship between:

A) Consumption and Income
B) Price and Supply
C) Interest and Money
D) Exports and Imports

సమాధానం: A) Consumption and Income
2. Simple Keynesian consumption function:

A) C = a + bY
B) C = Y − I
C) C = a − bY always
D) C = P × Q only

సమాధానం: A
3. C = a + bYలో 'a' అంటే:

A) MPC
B) Autonomous Consumption
C) Saving
D) Investment

సమాధానం: B
4. C = a + bYలో 'b' అంటే:

A) APC
B) MPC
C) APS
D) Income

సమాధానం: B) MPC
5. Income zero అయినప్పుడు C =

A) 0 always
B) a
C) b
D) Y

సమాధానం: B) a
6. MPC formula:

A) C/Y
B) ΔC/ΔY
C) S/Y
D) ΔS/ΔC

సమాధానం: B
7. APC formula:

A) C/Y
B) ΔC/ΔY
C) S/Y
D) ΔY/ΔC

సమాధానం: A
8. MPS =

A) ΔS/ΔY
B) S/Y
C) C/Y
D) ΔC/ΔY

సమాధానం: A
9. APS =

A) ΔS/ΔY
B) S/Y
C) C/Y
D) Y/S

సమాధానం: B
10. MPC + MPS =

A) 0
B) 1
C) 10
D) 100

సమాధానం: B) 1
11. APC + APS =

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) Depends only on prices

సమాధానం: B) 1
12. MPC = 0.75 అయితే MPS:

A) 0.15
B) 0.25
C) 0.75
D) 1.75

సమాధానం: B) 0.25
13. APC = 0.8 అయితే APS:

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1.8
D) 0

సమాధానం: A) 0.2
14. Keynes' Psychological Law ప్రకారం Income పెరిగితే:

A) Consumption falls necessarily
B) Consumption increases, generally by less than increase in income
C) Consumption unchanged always
D) Saving always falls

సమాధానం: B
15. Break-even point వద్ద:

A) C > Y
B) C = Y
C) C = 0
D) Y = 0

సమాధానం: B
16. Break-even point వద్ద Saving:

A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Zero
D) Infinite

సమాధానం: C) Zero
17. Break-even point వద్ద APC:

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) Negative

సమాధానం: B) 1
18. Break-even point వద్ద APS:

A) 0
B) 1
C) −1
D) 2

సమాధానం: A) 0
19. C > Y అయితే:

A) Positive Saving
B) Dissaving
C) Saving = 0
D) Investment = 0 necessarily

సమాధానం: B) Dissaving
20. Consumption function slope:

A) APC
B) MPC
C) APS
D) Income

సమాధానం: B) MPC
21. Saving function slope:

A) MPC
B) MPS
C) APC
D) Autonomous Consumption

సమాధానం: B) MPS
22. Y = C +:

A) I
B) S
C) G only
D) M

సమాధానం: B) S
23. Consumption income-independent component:

A) Induced Consumption
B) Autonomous Consumption
C) Saving
D) Investment

సమాధానం: B
24. Income-dependent consumption component:

A) Autonomous Consumption
B) Induced Consumption
C) Autonomous Saving only
D) Tax only

సమాధానం: B
25. Positive autonomous consumptionతో simple linear functionలో:

A) APC > MPC
B) APC < MPC always
C) APC = 0
D) MPC > 1 necessarily

సమాధానం: A) APC > MPC
Numerical MCQs
26. C = 100 + 0.8Y, Y = 500 అయితే C:

A) 400
B) 500
C) 600
D) 800

సమాధానం: B) 500
27. పై questionలో Saving:

A) −100
B) 0
C) 100
D) 500

సమాధానం: B) 0
28. C = 100 + 0.8Yలో MPC:

A) 0.1
B) 0.2
C) 0.8
D) 1.8

సమాధానం: C) 0.8
29. పై functionలో MPS:

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1.0
D) 1.2

సమాధానం: A) 0.2
30. C = 100 + 0.8Yకు Saving Function:

A) S = 100 + 0.2Y
B) S = −100 + 0.2Y
C) S = −100 + 0.8Y
D) S = 100 − 0.8Y

సమాధానం: B
31. Income ₹1,000, Consumption ₹800 అయితే APC:

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1.25
D) 8

సమాధానం: B) 0.8
32. పై dataలో APS:

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1
D) −0.2

సమాధానం: A) 0.2
33. Income ₹1,000 నుంచి ₹1,500; Consumption ₹800 నుంచి ₹1,200. MPC:

A) 0.2
B) 0.5
C) 0.8
D) 1.25

సమాధానం: C) 0.8
34. పై questionలో MPS:

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1
D) 1.2

సమాధానం: A) 0.2
35. MPC = 0.8 అయితే simple multiplier:

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 8

సమాధానం: C) 5
36. MPS = 0.25 అయితే multiplier:

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 25

సమాధానం: B) 4
37. C = 200 + 0.75Y అయితే break-even income:

A) 400
B) 600
C) 800
D) 1,000

సమాధానం: C) 800

Y = 200 + 0.75Y
0.25Y = 200
Y = 800
38. Income = ₹600, Consumption = ₹650 అయితే Saving:

A) ₹50
B) −₹50
C) ₹1,250
D) Zero

సమాధానం: B) −₹50
Tricky MCQs
39. APC greater than 1 implies:

A) Positive saving
B) Consumption exceeds income
C) Saving necessarily equals income
D) MPC is zero

సమాధానం: B) Consumption exceeds income
40. APS negative అయితే:

A) C < Y
B) C > Y
C) C = Y necessarily
D) MPC = 0 necessarily

సమాధానం: B) C > Y
41. APC = 1 అయితే:

A) APS = 1
B) APS = 0
C) APS = −1
D) MPS = 0 necessarily

సమాధానం: B) APS = 0
42. MPC = 1 అయితే MPS:

A) 1
B) 0
C) −1
D) 2

సమాధానం: B) 0
43. MPC = 0.6 అయితే ₹100 additional incomeలో consumption increase:

A) ₹40
B) ₹60
C) ₹100
D) ₹160

సమాధానం: B) ₹60
44. పై questionలో additional saving:

A) ₹20
B) ₹40
C) ₹60
D) ₹100

సమాధానం: B) ₹40
45. C = 50 + 0.75Yలో consumption curve vertical intercept:

A) 0.75
B) 50
C) Y
D) 1

సమాధానం: B) 50
Assertion–Reason Questions
Code

A) Assertion మరియు Reason రెండూ సరైనవి; Reason సరైన వివరణ.

B) రెండూ సరైనవి; Reason సరైన వివరణ కాదు.

C) Assertion సరైనది; Reason తప్పు.

D) Assertion తప్పు; Reason సరైనది.
46. Assertion: MPC + MPS = 1.
Reason: Additional income is divided between additional consumption and additional saving.
సమాధానం: A
47. Assertion: Break-even point వద్ద saving zero.
Reason: ఆ point వద్ద consumption equals income.
సమాధానం: A
48. Assertion: Autonomous consumption can exist even when current income is zero.
Reason: Basic consumption may be financed through past savings or borrowing.
సమాధానం: A
49. Assertion: In a simple linear Keynesian consumption function with positive autonomous consumption, APC tends to fall as income rises.
Reason: APC = a/Y + b.
సమాధానం: A
50. Assertion: MPC and APC are always identical.
Reason: APC uses total consumption while MPC uses change in consumption.
సమాధానం: D
One-Minute Master Table
Concept Key Point
Consumption Function C = a + bY
a Autonomous Consumption
b MPC
Induced Consumption bY
APC C/Y
MPC ΔC/ΔY
APS S/Y
MPS ΔS/ΔY
APC + APS 1
MPC + MPS 1
Break-Even C = Y; S = 0
Dissaving C > Y; S < 0
Consumption Curve Slope MPC
Saving Curve Slope MPS
Simple Multiplier 1/(1−MPC) = 1/MPS
చివరి నిమిషం పునశ్చరణ
Income Identity → Y = C + S

Consumption Function → C = a + bY

a → Autonomous Consumption

b → MPC

Induced Consumption → bY

Saving → S = Y − C

Saving Function → S = −a + (1−b)Y

APC → C/Y

APS → S/Y

MPC → ΔC/ΔY

MPS → ΔS/ΔY

APC + APS → 1

MPC + MPS → 1

Break-Even Point → C = Y

At Break-Even → S = 0, APC = 1, APS = 0

Below Break-Even → Dissaving

Above Break-Even → Positive Saving

Consumption Curve Slope → MPC

Saving Curve Slope → MPS

Keynes' Psychological Law → Income ↑ → Consumption ↑, but Consumption rises less than Income

Multiplier → 1/(1−MPC) = 1/MPS
Exam Final Recall

Consumption → Consumption Function → Autonomous Consumption → Induced Consumption → Keynes' Psychological Law → APC → MPC → APS → MPS → Saving Function → Break-Even Point → Dissaving → Multiplier
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